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%%Title: lang.mss
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%%Creator: Michael Mauldin and Scribe 7(1700)
%%CreationDate: 15 October 1992 02:31
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%%EndProlog
%%Page: 0 1
BS
0 SI
13 /Helvetica-Bold AF
21645 8148 MT
(OPS5 Language Introduction)SH
25580 11510 MT
(Michael Mauldin)SH
26301 13191 MT
(October, 1992)SH
10 /Helvetica AF
8312 15724 MT
(This document contains a sketchy)
146 W( description of OPS5 language features, syntax and semantics of)145 W
7200 17150 MT
(conditions and actions.  For more information, consult the OPS5 manual.)SH
12 /Helvetica-Bold AF
7200 20905 MT
(1 Production Memory)SH
10 /Helvetica AF
8312 22331 MT
(create rules with)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
15870 XM
(p)SH
/Helvetica SF
16759 XM
(\050production\051 or)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
23539 XM
(build)SH
/Helvetica SF
26206 XM
(\050later\051)SH
8312 24898 MT
(an OPS5 production-rule definition is a list containing)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 26370 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(a function call to)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
17484 XM
(p)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 28185 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(LHS = one or more condition elements \050first not negated\051, each in Lisp list format.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 30000 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(a separator =)SH
/Courier SF
16178 XM
(-->)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 31815 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(RHS = one or more actions, each in Lisp list format.)SH
12 /Helvetica-Bold AF
7200 35570 MT
(2 Sample Rule)SH
10 /Courier-Bold AF
7200 37832 MT
(;; IF)
SH( the)
1800 W( key is on AND the engine is not turning)SH
7200 38963 MT
(;; THEN  conclude that the problem is in the starting system)SH
7200 40094 MT
(\050p bad-starting-system)SH
9600 41225 MT
(\050task ^goal diagnose\051)SH
9600 42356 MT
(\050fact ^name |key is off| ^value no\051)SH
9600 43487 MT
(\050fact ^name |engine is turning| ^value no\051)SH
9600 44618 MT
(-->)SH
9600 45749 MT
(\050bind <x> |problem is in starting system|\051)SH
9600 46880 MT
(\050make fact ^name <x> ^value yes\051)SH
9600 48011 MT
(\050write \050crlf\051 Concluding <x> \050crlf\051\051\051)SH
12 /Helvetica-Bold AF
7200 51766 MT
(3 Left-Hand Side)SH
10 /Helvetica AF
8312 53192 MT
(LHS is collection of patterns to be)
244 W( matched against working memory.  Each pattern contains an)245 W
7200 54618 MT
(element-class name followed by some number of LHS terms.  Each term consists)
592 W( of an)591 W
/Courier SF
7200 56044 MT
(^attribute-name)SH
/Helvetica SF
16478 XM
(followed by a LHS-value.  The LHS-value can be a)SH
7200 57916 MT
(constant)SH
16096 XM
(in pattern)236 W
/Courier SF
21015 XM
(^on couch)236 W
/Helvetica SF
(, ``couch'' is a constant; in pattern)236 W
/Courier SF
43310 XM
(^GRE 100)236 W
/Helvetica SF
(, ``100'' is a)236 W
16096 59059 MT
(constant;)SH
7200 60685 MT
(variable)SH
16096 XM
(in pattern,)71 W
/Courier SF
20963 XM
(^Status <n1>)70 W
/Helvetica SF
(, ``<n1>'' is variable that will be bound during matching to)70 W
16096 61828 MT
(an actual value for some element in working memory;)SH
7200 63454 MT
(predicate operator)SH
16096 XM
(one of seven operators may precede a constant or variable:  =, <>, <=>, <, <=, >=,)
19 W( >;)20 W
16096 64597 MT
(the = is assumed if no operator is present;)SH
7200 66223 MT
(disjunction)SH
16096 XM
(in the pattern)6 W
/Courier SF
22229 XM
(^weight << light medium)
6 W( >>)5 W
/Helvetica SF
(, ``<< light medium >>'' specifies that)5 W
16096 67366 MT
(only one of the)
25 W( set of values, light and medium, must match; any LHS-values may be)26 W
16096 68509 MT
(contained in the disjunction;)378 W
/Helvetica-Oblique SF
30226 XM
(warning)SH
/Helvetica SF
34383 XM
(leave spaces between values and angle)377 W
16096 69652 MT
(brackets to avoid confusing them with variable brackets;)SH
7200 71278 MT
(conjunction)SH
16096 XM
(in pattern)160 W
/Courier SF
20863 XM
(^GRE { > 600 < 800 })161 W
/Helvetica SF
(, ``{ > 600 < 800 }'' specifies a set of value)161 W
ES
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0 SI
10 /Helvetica-Bold AF
30322 4329 MT
(1)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 7929 MT
(restrictions all of which)
325 W( must match; any LHS-values may be contained in the)324 W
16096 9072 MT
(conjunction;)SH
8312 11639 MT
(Restrictions to predicate operators:)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 13111 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(<, <=, >= and > used)
66 W( only with numbers and with variables bound to numbers.  <=> means)67 W
9980 14254 MT
(same type, and <> means not equal.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 16069 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(first occurrence of a variable cannot be preceded by any)
292 W( predicate other than = \050first)291 W
9980 17212 MT
(occurrence establishes binding\051)SH
8312 19779 MT
(A condition pattern in LHS \050other than first\051 may be negated by putting a ``-'' in front of)
152 W( the normal)153 W
7200 21205 MT
(pattern)SH
8312 23772 MT
(Ordering of condition)
136 W( elements is significant in variable binding, for conflict resolution and for match)135 W
7200 25198 MT
(efficiency)SH
12 /Helvetica-Bold AF
7200 28953 MT
(4 RHS of OPS5 Rules)SH
10 /Symbol AF
9242 30425 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(The RHS of the OPS5 rule consists of an ordered sequence of actions.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 32240 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(The primitive actions that affect working memory are)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
33432 XM
(make)SH
/Helvetica SF
(,)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
36545 XM
(modify)SH
/Helvetica SF
(, and)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
42325 XM
(remove)SH
/Helvetica SF
(.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 34055 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(The)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
11981 XM
(write)SH
/Helvetica SF
14593 XM
(action is used to output information.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 35870 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(The)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
11981 XM
(halt)SH
/Helvetica SF
14037 XM
(action provides a way of explicitly stopping the firing of production rules.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 37685 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(RHS can also contain functions that return values within the actions.)
218 W( For)
716 W( example, the)219 W
/Helvetica-Bold SF
9980 38828 MT
(compute)SH
/Helvetica SF
14542 XM
(function allows OPS5 to do arithmetic.  It provides for infix)
117 W( evaluation of +,-,*, //,)116 W
9980 39971 MT
(and \134\134 \050respectively addition,)
105 W( subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus\051.  Operations)106 W
9980 41114 MT
(are performed from right to left.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 42929 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(These and other actions and functions will be demonstrated by example.)SH
12 /Helvetica-Bold AF
7200 46684 MT
(5 Specific Commands)SH
10 SS 
25128 48367 MT
(The WATCH Command)SH
/Helvetica SF
7200 50239 MT
(no argument)SH
16096 XM
(Print current watch level \050initialized to 1\051 unchanged)SH
/Courier SF
7200 51865 MT
(\050watch 0\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(No report of firings or changes to working memory)SH
/Courier SF
7200 53491 MT
(\050watch 1\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(Report rule name and time tags of each working memory element)
417 W( for each)416 W
16096 54634 MT
(instantiation fired)SH
/Courier SF
7200 56260 MT
(\050watch 2\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(In addition to level 1 reports, give each change \050add or delete\051 to working memory)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
25905 58132 MT
(The RUN Command)SH
/Courier SF
7200 60004 MT
(\050run\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(run until a break or halt or no rules in conflict set)SH
/Courier SF
7200 61630 MT
(\050run N\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(run N steps unless early stop as above)SH
/Courier SF
7200 63256 MT
(\050run 1\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16096 XM
(for single stepping)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
22933 65128 MT
([The WM and PPWM Commands)SH
8312 67695 MT
(\050wm\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
10991 XM
(-- list the contents of working memory, optional arguments specify time tags; if no time tags are)69 W
7200 69121 MT
(given, shows all elements.)SH
/Courier SF
8312 71688 MT
(\050ppwm <pat>\051)149 W
/Helvetica SF
16088 XM
(-- <pat> is pattern \050in LHS condition form\051, prints all wme's that)
149 W( match <pat>.  No)148 W
ES
%%Page: 2 3
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0 SI
10 /Helvetica-Bold AF
30322 4329 MT
(2)SH
/Helvetica SF
7200 7929 MT
(variables, predicates or special characters are allowed in in)
150 W( <pat>.  If pattern is null, all elements are)151 W
7200 9355 MT
(printed.)SH
8312 11922 MT
(use with)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
12258 XM
(cs)SH
/Helvetica SF
13648 XM
(and)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
15594 XM
(matches)SH
/Helvetica SF
19929 XM
(to determine why a rule failed to be instantiated at the right time.)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
26238 13605 MT
(The PM Command)SH
/Courier SF
8312 16172 MT
(\050pm <args>\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
15190 XM
(-- <args> any number of rule names)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
26294 17855 MT
(The CS Command)SH
/Courier SF
8312 20422 MT
(\050cs\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
11268 XM
(-- lists each instantiated rule in)
278 W( conflict set, one to a line, followed by currently dominant)277 W
7200 21848 MT
(instantiation \050that is, the one to be fired on next cycle\051)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
24516 23531 MT
(The MATCHES Command)SH
/Courier SF
8312 26098 MT
(\050matches <rules>\051)208 W
/Helvetica SF
19206 XM
(-- prints partial matches)
208 W( for rules whose names are arguments.  For each)209 W
7200 27524 MT
(condition element of specified rules, time tags of matching wme's are listed, as well as intersections)
108 W( of)107 W
7200 28950 MT
(partial matches.)SH
/Courier-Bold SF
12000 31212 MT
(\050literalize number value\051)SH
12000 33474 MT
(\050p example-rule)SH
13800 34605 MT
(\050number ^value { <number-1> > 100 } \051)SH
13800 35736 MT
(\050number ^value { <number-2> <> <number-1> } \051)SH
13800 36867 MT
(\050number ^value { <number-3> < 50 } \051)SH
13800 37998 MT
(-->)SH
13800 39129 MT
(\050write \050crlf\051 <number-1> <number-2> <number-3> \051 \051)SH
12000 41391 MT
(\050make number ^value 101\051  ; given time-tag 1)SH
12000 43653 MT
(\050make number ^value 102\051  ; given time-tag 2)SH
12000 45915 MT
(\050make number ^value  11\051  ; given time-tag 3)SH
12000 47720 MT
(=>\050matches example-rule\051)SH
12000 49982 MT
(example-rule)SH
12600 51113 MT
(** matches for \0501\051 **)SH
12600 52244 MT
(2)SH
12600 53375 MT
(1)SH
12600 54506 MT
(** matches for \0502\051 **)SH
12600 55637 MT
(3)SH
12600 56768 MT
(2)SH
12600 57899 MT
(1)SH
12600 59030 MT
(** matches for \0502 1\051 **)SH
12600 60161 MT
(3 1)600 W
12600 61292 MT
(3 2)600 W
12600 62423 MT
(1 2)600 W
12600 63554 MT
(2 1)600 W
12600 64685 MT
(** matches for \0503\051)SH
12600 65816 MT
(3)SH
12000 66947 MT
(nil)SH
/Helvetica SF
7200 68807 MT
(The final intersection, which in this example would be)SH
/Courier SF
31043 XM
(matches for \0503 2 1\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
(, is not included.)SH
8312 71374 MT
(Uses:)SH
ES
%%Page: 3 4
BS
0 SI
10 /Helvetica-Bold AF
30322 4329 MT
(3)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 8000 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(a given condition element is never matched,)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 9815 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(the intersection of two or more condition elements, each of)
170 W( which is matched, fails to be)171 W
9980 10958 MT
(satisfied, or)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 12773 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(a negated condition element is matched.)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
24877 14456 MT
(The PBREAK Command)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 16210 MT
(\267)SH
/Courier SF
9980 XM
(\050pbreak <rules>\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
19858 XM
(-- toggles break/nobreak status of rules)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 18025 MT
(\267)SH
/Courier SF
9980 XM
(\050pbreak\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
15058 XM
(-- says which rules are broken)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 19840 MT
(\267)SH
/Helvetica SF
9980 XM
(breaks after rule fires)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
25544 21523 MT
(The BACK Command)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 23277 MT
(\267)SH
/Courier SF
9980 XM
(\050back <n>\051)200 W
/Helvetica SF
16658 XM
(undoes the effects of up to 32 rule firings, provided there are no external)200 W
9980 24420 MT
(references \050user-defined functions\051 in any RHS)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
21904 26103 MT
(The MAKE and REMOVE Commands)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 27857 MT
(\267)SH
/Courier SF
9980 XM
(\050remove *\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
16258 XM
(deletes everything from working memory.)SH
/Symbol SF
9242 29672 MT
(\267)SH
/Courier SF
9980 XM
(\050remove <args>\051)SH
/Helvetica SF
19258 XM
(deletes working memory elements with time tags in <args>)SH
/Helvetica-Bold SF
25154 31355 MT
(The EXCISE Command)SH
/Courier SF
8312 33922 MT
(\050excise <rules>\051)11 W
/Helvetica SF
18212 XM
(-- prevents rules)
11 W( from firing \050still in network\051, reload to recall, but won't be current)12 W
7200 35348 MT
(on wm.)SH
ES
%%Trailer
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%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica Helvetica-Bold Symbol Courier Courier-Bold Helvetica-Oblique